KENNEL COUGH

'Kennel Cough' is the term that was commonly applied to the most prevalent upper respiratory problem in dogs in the United States. Recently, the condition has become known as tracheobronchitis, canine infectious tracheobronchitis, Bordetellosis, or Bordetella. It is highly contagious in dogs. The disease is found worldwide and will infect a very high percentage of dogs in their lifetime. Infectious agents involved
There are many different agents that contribute to the disease process of tracheobronchitis. The most common are parainfluenza, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and mycoplasma. Canine adenovirus, reovirus, and canine herpes virus are thought to possibly contribute to the disease. Although any one of these organisms can cause symptoms of the disease, the majority of cases are the result of more than one organism.
The most common viral agent is parainfluenza virus. This common virus will cause mild symptoms lasting less than 6 days unless there is involvement with other bacteria, as is usually the case. Most 5-way vaccines and 'kennel cough' vaccines offer some protection against this virus.
Bordetella bronchiseptica is the most common bacteria isolated from this disease. Clinical signs of infections occur three to four days after exposure, and if uncomplicated with other agents, will last around 10 days. However, after the infection has been resolved, the affected animal will continue to shed the bacteria for 6 to 14 weeks and can spread the disease to other susceptible animals during that time. Bordetella is one of the agents protected against through the use of intranasal 'kennel cough' vaccines. Parainfluenza and Bordetella most commonly appear together in infectious tracheobronchitis, creating a disease that normally lasts from 14-20 days.

Symptoms

The most common symptom is a dry hacking cough sometimes followed by retching. Many owners describe the cough as having a 'honking sound.' A watery nasal discharge may also be present. With mild cases, dogs continue to eat and be alert and active. Many times, there is a recent history of boarding or coming in contact with other dogs. In more severe cases, the symptoms may progress and include lethargy, fever, inappetence, pneumonia, and in very severe cases, even death. The majority of severe cases occur in immunocompromised animals, or young unvaccinated puppies.
Diagnosis

Diagnosis is usually based on the symptoms and a history of recent exposure to other dogs. Bacterial cultures, viral isolation, and blood work can be performed to verify individual agents of the disease, but due to the characteristic nature of the symptoms are not routinely performed.

Treatment

There are two treatment options depending on the severity of the disease. In the most common mild (uncomplicated) form of the disease, antibiotics are usually not used. If the dog has a good appetite and is alert but suffers only from a recurrent cough, we will often let the disease run its course just as we would with a cold in humans. Treating the mild case does not shorten the length in which the animal will be a potential spreader of the disease. Many times, prednisone is given to help reduce the severity and frequency of the cough and to make the dog more comfortable. In addition, Bronchodilators like aminophylline or cough suppressants may also be used.
In more severe (complicated) cases where the animal is not eating, running a fever, or showing signs of pneumonia, antibiotics are often used. The most common ones are tetracycline or trimethoprim-sulfa. However, many other choices are also available. Steroids or cough suppressants are not usually recommended because of the risk of immunosuppressive with steroids and the need to continue to clear extra fluid or mucous in pneumonia patients. Bronchodilators and even aerosol therapy can be used. In moderate or severe cases, veterinary care should be instituted, as the resultant pneumonia could become life threatening if not treated properly and promptly.

Vaccination and prevention

The best prevention is to not expose your dog to other dogs, especially young puppies. If this cannot be avoided, then proper vaccination is the next best option. Chances are that if your dog is regularly vaccinated with a standard 5-way or 7-way vaccine, he is already being protected against several of the agents causing tracheobronchitis, mainly parainfluenza and adenovirus. However, these vaccines alone rarely provide protection against contracting the disease, although they will help reduce the severity of the disease if the animal becomes infected.
More commonly, for best protection, an intranasal vaccine containing both parainfluenza and Bordetella is used. Intranasal vaccines create localized immunity that greatly reduces the incidence of clinical signs and illness. There are several precautions and warnings that need to be observed pertaining to this vaccine. Some dogs will develop mild signs similar to tracheobronchitis when given this vaccine. Very often, the symptoms will last for several days and the dog will recover without treatment. Dogs that are vaccinated can also shed the virus and cause other dogs to become mildly infected and show mild signs. This shedding usually lasts less than 72 hours. In addition, it takes up to 4 days after vaccination for dogs to develop protection. When you combine these facts, you will see why I strongly recommend that a dog not be given intranasal vaccine within 72 hours of coming into contact with other susceptible dogs. Do not give the vaccine the day before a dog show, boarding, etc. Try to give at least four days before contact with other dogs, and preferably 7 days. This way you will protect your dog from becoming infected by other dogs, and protect those dogs from becoming infected by yours.
This vaccine is not without its problems. It is a very effective vaccine, but it must be used carefully and is generally only recommended for dogs that are at high risk. If your dog is not shown, boarded, or comes into contact with stray dogs, your dog is considered low risk.
In kennels where tracheobronchitis is a problem, strict hygiene with thorough cleaning and disinfection of cages and food and water containers is essential. In addition, kennels that are indoors should have good ventilation with an air turnover rate of at least 12 times an hour. Agents causing tracheobronchitis can be transmitted on hands and clothing as well as through the air, so infected animals must be isolated and handlers should wear gloves and use proper handwashing to help prevent spread. Vaccination of all animals, especially puppies is indicated in problem kennels. After initial vaccination as puppies, a yearly booster is recommended. However, some dogs that are at very high risk are vaccinated every six months.

Human health risk

Until recently, infectious tracheobronchitis was considered to not be a human health risk. Recently however, research indicates that Bordetella bronchiseptica may cause disease in some humans, primarily those with compromised immune systems. In normal, healthy adults there does not appear to be a risk factor, but young children and immunocompromised individuals should take precautions against coming into contact with animals that have symptoms of tracheobronchitis.

Summary

'Kennel Cough,' now more commonly referred to as 'infectious tracheobronchitis' is a widespread disease caused by several different viruses and bacteria. It is usually a self-limiting disease and most animals do not require treatment. Intranasal vaccines are effective, but due to some possible side effects, are recommended for animals that are at higher risk. Infectious tracheobronchitis is a disease of dogs and wild canids, it does not appear to be a risk to healthy humans or cats.

PUPPIES NEED EXTRA PROTECTION AGAINST CANINE PARVOVIRUS

Canine parvovirus is everywhere in the environment just waiting for your puppy. The wise dog owner will protect his or her pet against this debilitating, sometimes deadly, disease. Parvovirus usually hits puppies the hardest. Adult dogs can also be infected, but are usually affected less severely. Cats, mink, and wild dogs are also infected by their own species-specific parvovirus.

The virus is shed in the feces of an infected dog. If another dog has oral contact with the infected feces, they become inoculated with the virus. Some puppies have more immunity to the disease than others. If their mother was properly vaccinated, she will transfer immunity to parvovirus in the colostrum, or first milk. These maternal antibodies may be present in the puppy for up to 20-22 weeks old.

Older dogs need to be kept up on their vaccines too. As they age their immune system may become impaired and they are more susceptible to diseases. Rottweilers and Doberman Pinschers seem to be more prone to parvoviral infections than other breeds./P Besides vaccination, it is a very good idea to keep young puppies isolated from other dogs and out of parks where they may come in contact with infected feces, until they have completed their series of vaccinations. This will decrease their chances of being exposed to parvovirus.

This virus attacks rapidly dividing cells, like those in the digestive tract and cells in the bone marrow. Signs to look for are loss of appetite, lack of energy, vomiting, or diarrhea. The vomit or diarrhea may be bloody. Since these signs can indicate many diseases, it is important to see your veterinarian if your puppy shows any of these. Young pups, less than three months of age, can become dehydrated quickly. These animals can die easily if not treated promptly.

There is no drug that kills parvovirus that can be given to the dog once the animal is infected. The animal’s won immunity has to rid itself of the virus. Supportive care is very important in the treatment of parvoviral infections.

Sick animals need to be given fluids if they are dehydrated. Secondary bacterial infections may also be a problem. If an infections develops, antibiotics need to be administered to fight it. Treatment may take a couple of days up to several weeks, depending on the dog, its age, and the severity of the infection.

Parvovirus can persist in the environment for long periods. It is important to clean up after an infection. Washing the animal’s area with bleach and water in a 1:30 dilution will kill the virus. The bowls should be thrown away and the bedding either bleached or thrown away to prevent further spread of the infection. Discard all feces from the infected dog. Humans can also spread the disease on their hands if they touch feces from an infected dog and then touch a puppy without washing properly. Very small amounts of fecal material on the dog’s coat can contain large numbers of viral organisms and can easily be transmitted to a susceptible dog.

If you have any questions about parvovirus, call your veterinarian.

Dermatitis

DERMATITIS (MITES)
General Information

The same pollens and house dust that cause allergic reactions in people often cause allergic dermatitis in dogs and cats. Allergic dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin. It can be caused by many things, but regardless of the source, the end result is licking, scratching, and hair loss. This constant trauma will often cause chronic infections.

CAUSES OF ITCHING

It can be very difficult to distinguish between true allergies and the many local irritants that can cause discomfort to your pet. Some examples of each are listed below:

ALLERGIC CAUSES/RESULT

Flea Saliva/Flea Bite Allergy

Poison Ivy, Wandering Jew/Contact Dermatitis

House Dust, Ragweed/Inhalant Dermatitis

Certain Protein Sources/Food Allergy

NON-ALLERGIC CAUSES/RESULT

Flea Infestation/Flea Bites

Tick Infestation/Tick Bites

Incomplete Shampoo Removal/Contact Dermatitis

Fungi/Ringworm

Sarcoptes, Otodectes/Mange

Bacteria/Pyoderma

Your Veterinarian Can Help

To achieve success in treating allergic dermatitis, make sure you follow the instructions of your veterinarian. Your pets allergy may need to be managed by numerous methods including injections, oral medications, topical shampoos, dips, ointments, environmental treatments.

HOOKWORM

Hookworms are relatively common intestinal parasites of dogs, cats and other animals. Adult worms live in the small intestine, and their eggs pass out with the stool. Diagnosis is by identifying the eggs during microscopic examination of the stool.

Animals become infected with hookworms by eating infected eggs or larvae, penetration of the skin of footpads by larvae, or transmission of larvae from the mother while the fetus is still in the uterus. The time from consumption of infected larvae to the appearance of eggs in the stool in 15-26 days.

Hookworms are one of the most serious intestinal parasites, as they feed on the blood of their host animal and can cause severe anemia. In young, weak, or mal-nourished animals, hookworms can cause sudden collapse and death. Older, more resistant dogs may suffer a slow, progressive wasting disease. Weight loss, diarrhea, and tarry or bloody stools frequently occur in animals with hookworms.

Public Health Significance

Hookworm larvae can penetrate human skin and cause a skin disorder known as cutaneous larval migrans, or creeping eruption. This infection is not common, but anyone who develops a skin rash after being in contact with a pet with hookworms should consult a physician.

Important Points in Treatment

1. Treatment consists of eliminating the worms and correcting any anemia and malnutrition. Hospital treatment may be required in severe infections.

2. Medication must be given as directed. Call the doctor if you cannot give the medication as directed.

3. Good sanitation is essential. Promptly remove all stools from the area where your pet is confined.

4. Control Measures: Regular microscopic stool examinations are the best means of early detection of hookworm problems. Products are available for treating contaminated dog pens, runs, and tie-out areas. Discuss this with the doctor if your pet is kept in a confined area. In addition, heartworm preventive medications that also prevent hookworms and roundworms offer the surest method of hookworm control.

Notify the Doctor if Any of the Following Occur:

- Your pet is weak or depressed.

- Your pet is reluctant to eat, has diarrhea, or vomits.

- Your pet has dark or bloody stools.

ASCARIASIS (round worm infection)
General Information

Round worms (ascarids) are the most common intestinal parasite of dogs and cats. Pets become infected by swallowing roundworm eggs or larvae (immature worms) found in contaminated soil of feces or by eating infected rodents, birds, and certain insects. Puppies and kittens are commonly infected by the mother while still in the uterus. Swallowed larvae travel through the body to the intestine, where they develop into mature worms. There, adult females deposit eggs, which pass with the stool and develop into infective larvae. Diagnosis is by identifying the eggs during microscopic examination of a stool sample.

Public Health Significance

Human infection with roundworm larvae (not adults) is possible but does not occur frequently if good hygiene is practiced, since eating contaminated stool or soil is necessary for infection. Children should be taught the importance of cleanliness when playing with animals, especially litters of puppies and kittens. The best insurance against human infection is keeping your pet free from roundworms by regular stool examination and treatment if necessary.

Important Points in Treatment

1. For successful treatment, medication must be give as directed. Call the doctor if you cannot give the prescribed medication. In some cases, hospital treatment is desirable.

2. A stool sample should be checked after the last treatment to ensure that all worms have been eliminated.

Control Measures

1. Stool samples should be examined microscopically at regular intervals. Your doctor will advise you regarding the correct time to do this.

2. The stool should be checked for worms before females are bred. Stool samples from puppies and kittens should be tested at or before weaning.

3. Good sanitation is essential. Remove stools promptly from the area where your pet is confined.

4. Eggs can remain infective in soil for years, so contaminated ground becomes a source of reinfection. This is especially true of dog pens, runs, or areas where your pet may be tied. Control measures for these areas include:

- Turning the soil over to a depth of 8-12 inches after your pet is free of worms.

- Replacing dirt runs with concrete, which seems to be the most effective control procedure.

- Removing stools daily.

- Moving your pet to a new, uncontaminated area.

TAPEWORM INFECTION
General Information

The tapeworm is a parasite found in the intestines of dogs and cats. It consists of a head and a long flat body made up of segments. Segments are passed in the animal’s feces, leaving the head still attached to the animal’s intestinal lining, where it produces new segments.

Tapeworm infection may not cause noticeable illness in your pet. Or, it may produce digestive upsets, poor appetite, poor haircoat and skin, weight loss, and vague signs of abdominal discomfort.

Tapeworm infection is diagnosed by finding the segments in your pet’s feces, in its bed or clinging to the hair around the anus. The eggs may be found on microscopic examination of the feces. When first passed, segments are yellowish to white, about 1/4 inch long, and may expand an contract. When dry, the segments resemble cucumber seeds or grains of rice.

Tapeworms are not passed directly from pet to pet, but require an intermediate host in which to develop. Common intermediate hosts are fleas and small animals, such as mice, rats, squirrels and rabbits. Fish are the intermediate host for one type of tapeworm.

Important Points in Treatment

1. Treatment will destroy the tapeworms already infecting your pet. Reinfection is controlled by elimination or reducing contact with intermediate hosts.

2. CONTROL:

- For flea control we use Frontline Spray. Consult your veterinarian for continuing use.

- Treat the premises, kennels, and bedding as follows: Consult your veterinarian and follow their guidelines.

- Do not allow your pet to eat small rodents and/or raw fish.

Notify the Doctor if Any of the Following Occur:

- Your pet vomits or has diarrhea.

- Tapeworm segments are still seen after the prescribed treatment.

- Your pet continues to lose weight

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